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T(Protons[g@@@@@@?O c Q0`R\eS4x_U`Paa4b̑ c#d@eh@fӘg h0Ԡi讀jkp l堝mHnx@op{ u pi@\vI`wEx%yqz)Ơ{ |i}Q~U`|Ix`E 9\w x ,f(HOW DOES A FUEL CELL WORK?\F8 9]w x ,f(HOW DOES A FUEL CELL WORK?]F8 ^w ,K (At the anode, a platinum catalyst causes the hydrogen to split into positive hydrogen ions (protons) and negatively charged electrons.^0% _w ,x (Hydrogen fuel is channeled through field flow plates to the anode on one side of the fuel cell, while oxygen from the air is channeled to the cathode on the other side of the cell._aPo( "`g? (NEXT`y `@ works3OcXQ PR$fS_UX`Pa b8`cadѐe@fp@g(`hXix`jk`lȋm``nyo!8pu q@vHwFxJ%yIzQ@{ @|y},Q~UIE( aw /9X (The Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) allows only the positively charged ions to pass through it to the cathode. The negatively charged electrons must travel along an external circuit to the cathode, creating an electrical current.a  9bw x ,f(HOW DOES A FUEL CELL WORK?bF8 9cw x ,f(HOW DOES A FUEL CELL WORK?cF8 9dw x ,f(HOW DOES A FUEL CELL WORK?dF8 9ew x ,f(HOW DOES A FUEL CELL WORK?eF8 9fw x ,f(HOW DOES A FUEL CELL WORK?fF8 gw ,K (At the anode, a platinum catalyst causes the hydrogen to split into positive hydrogen ions (protons) and negatively charged electrons.g0% hw ,x (Hydrogen fuel is channeled through field flow plates to the anode on one side of the fuel cell, while oxygen from the air is channeled to the cathode on the other side of the cell.haFUV8!)-i 7io) "jg? (NEXTjy@OcQHRgSؓ_U`Pha@b@cװ de`f䐠`gX@h爘ijw kH`lx~m!npo Ȉp8 u ri@Xv GwHx%y)z{@|@}Q~xUIE@@OcQ8RgS_U`PHa8Ҡbh cHȀdxe@fgh @i jЈk0"lv`m noX"ppu rv2GwI@x%@yz€{@|}0QЈ~UHIEP@OcQ(Rth0Sx_V(`P(abc(dXeh`fyg"Ȉh@vi8!jPk!lmL!ndo$%p< usvRF@wJx%yz {ɺ`|}Q~UIE`@skVPV*0~/Nff58H1eB`@˓/kMaܳ7R qwjWX@A@A g (o_pZhuXvHwJRx؈yzm{`|f؈}0RX~VJ8E@; %=߉*? ACEވOfhQTRlȈS_V`Ma%b xcD(d?e :f$5؈g>h8i ?*A C E€Gu@IIz@LzsMTPNyOW؈PIRptSt؈epf(PktlohuЈm8A`nP<@o]pXȈq(ar@\ w2xi@LxJD@yMz $`{!|齀}1~aR@UЈI0E@QeR\S kxT]S^DLȈcH'hd`"He(f #g85hP/iH7Јj`2kPTPlhO0mQn4Ko np$hqqrl wdxi@HxC`ybO@z$ {A|q}a`~`R(UHJE@QPfR̋xSdmHT(]8S0^Kct.d)e1(f,gpBh=hiEj @kcl^Јmt``n[@oxpsq{rvuW{xvXvXw0ȈxyPz{a|n}~fhR@VJ E@opqrQgpR@HSoT\P]SX^Kc98d4ex<f7`g4RHhLM(iBh~)fff5e(\F ǩ\(@fff5{}LR2׶ f60BXfff5|රm>Bh~)fff5w:}MBN֍fff5h#s-{mnK `%t@ ,g? (Carbon Backing;m`@%v @I%4x@ %ly@%{@%}@?yQiBΑfff5Άag?L@B 0fff5Ĩs+r\fff53[H\G^{z"J[BW)fff5Rරm>B!fff5}MBN֍fff5 s-{mnK `% -w K @(BACKING LAYERS;; w р (Backing layers made of porous carbon paper or cloth about the thickness of 4-12 sheets of paper are sandwiched between the electrodes and flow fields on each side of the cell. On the anode side, this layer helps spread out the hydrogen gas so that it reaches the entire surface of the anode/catalyst. It also helps conduct electrons away from the anode and toward the external circuit. The layer backing the cathode allows water vapor to reach the membrane so that it stays properly humidified and allows excess water to leave the cell so that it doesn't flood. It also helps conduct the electrons from the external circuit to the cathode. <> ,g? (Carbon Backing;m`@;< eWater %+H,2-n{-n{V-n{J- @@@@@? $w K @(WATER;; #w р (Water is formed at the cathode when negatively and positively charged hydrogen ions are combined with oxygen from the air in the presence of the platinum catalyst. Proper water management is important to make a fuel cell run efficiently. Water must be used to adequately humidify the PEM. However, if too much water is allowed to collect at the cathode, the fuel cell can flood. The fact that fuel cells use and produce water is currently one of the barriers to using them in vehicles in cold weather conditions. <>Ќ @1;< eFlowFieldlflL5;+jBx!^{=o5z}L&=s {m@@,P5{6}{m5)Bj>x,ۃ'5rjA,}p'Lz0. -?*%4o@V65ޙp!ư ޚ>5a;n>5cN'{^zn@5v>,ߵ kۃ5%)jAWޟϠ2f䢵-#;_6o--MN\EDeԶ.| -`{sRغ^9E.0X-)\G^f\k| -B?ʹ[GKbx 5`KF;RsK_⏄)qto]5L$ݦp&\6GgefX<5fX<5ey<ݨ| fff%kˈ -t]07%tH^= 0g6g (Oxygen Flow Field>\?6@?ޠ-wh@-zH@i-}(@J -Ā@?rr'05!i'@52[Ę)@,̠|5#@5ܕ?p@5Pp@Lz9S-"USN|k@oCQ.}Y܀Lɸ5?p@5I}{p}Y5? BR ;5E}{p}>z'"h-j}smRغ^9-fisRغ^9-fƪ}sRغ^9E.=.ؿ0-D}sxnrЌ?6@-;<Ϡzke fff% xˈ &.t@@@@6:@@@@@"&.5=>?@@@@@y%?{Hfff%}Phm5`J㚋t'U(@ }nwmj5,*̠