Memory tools

Memory tools are utilities that test, configure and make use of a computer's memory and low-level start-up components. The main system memory, or RAM, holds the programs and data the processor is actively using; it is volatile, meaning its contents are lost when power is removed. Faulty RAM is a common cause of crashes and corrupted data, so a key class of tool is the memory tester, which writes patterns to every memory cell and reads them back to detect bits that fail to hold their value.

A second group works with the firmware that runs before the operating system. The BIOS, stored in a small non-volatile chip, initialises the hardware and starts the boot process. BIOS utilities can read settings, update the firmware and report on installed devices. Closely related are tools that examine or repair the boot sector, the first region of a disk that contains the code and partition information needed to start an operating system; damage there can leave a system unbootable, and repair tools rewrite this area to restore it.

Other utilities help organise memory and storage. A RAM disk sets aside part of physical memory and presents it to the system as if it were a very fast drive, which is useful for temporary files because access is far quicker than a mechanical disk, though the contents vanish at shutdown. Diagnostic programs and driver tools complete the set, reporting on installed hardware and helping locate the correct drivers for memory controllers and related components. Many of these utilities are available as freeware.

Frequently asked questions

How does a memory test find faults?

It writes known patterns to each memory location and reads them back. If the value returned differs from what was written, that cell is faulty.

What is a RAM disk?

It is a portion of system memory made to behave like a disk drive. It is very fast but temporary, since everything stored there is lost when the computer is turned off.

What is the boot sector?

It is the first part of a disk, holding the small program and partition details that begin loading the operating system. If it is damaged the computer may fail to start.