Atomic structures, atoms and molecules

Atoms are the basic units of chemical matter, and molecules are the structures formed when atoms bond together. Each atom has a small, dense nucleus containing positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons, surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. The number of protons defines which element an atom is, and in a neutral atom the number of electrons equals the number of protons.

Electrons do not orbit the nucleus in simple circular paths; instead they occupy regions called orbitals, described by the orbital model, each of which can hold a limited number of electrons and has a characteristic shape and energy. The way electrons fill these orbitals determines how readily an atom forms bonds and what kinds of bonds it forms. The periodic table arranges the elements in order of increasing proton number and groups together elements whose outer electron arrangements are similar, which is why elements in the same column tend to behave alike.

When atoms combine into molecules, they do so chiefly by sharing electrons in covalent bonds or by transferring electrons to form charged ions held together by attraction. Molecular models, whether physical kits or computer representations, depict the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms and bonds, which controls a molecule's properties and reactivity. Organic molecules, built around chains and rings of carbon, illustrate how a small set of elements can combine into an enormous variety of structures. Understanding atomic structure thus underpins the whole of chemistry, from predicting reactions to designing new compounds.

Frequently asked questions

What determines which element an atom belongs to?: The number of protons in the nucleus determines the element; for example, every atom with one proton is hydrogen and every atom with six is carbon.
What is an orbital?: An orbital is a region around the nucleus where an electron is likely to be found; each has a particular shape and energy and can hold a limited number of electrons.
Why does the periodic table group certain elements together?: Elements are arranged by increasing proton number, and those in the same column have similar outer-electron arrangements, which gives them similar chemical behaviour.

Chemistry:
Acids and bases	Distillation	Inorganic chemistry
Atoms	Electrochemistry	Miscellaneous	Organic chemistry
Biochemistry	Food chemistry	Molecules	Spectroscopy
Crystals	General	Nomenclature	Stoichiometry

Atomic structures

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