Biochemistry

Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes and substances that occur within living organisms. It bridges biology and chemistry by explaining life at the molecular level, focusing on a handful of major classes of molecules and the reactions that build, break down and transform them. Water, the medium in which these reactions take place, shapes the behaviour of every biological molecule through its ability to dissolve substances and form weak bonds.

Proteins are chains of amino acids that fold into specific three-dimensional shapes; this architecture determines their function, and a major group of proteins are enzymes, which act as catalysts that speed up the chemical reactions of the cell. Carbohydrates serve as energy sources and structural materials, while lipids form cell membranes and store energy. Nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, carry genetic information: DNA is copied during replication, transcribed into RNA, and RNA is then translated into protein, the central flow of genetic information in cells. Recombinant DNA techniques allow scientists to combine genetic material from different sources.

Metabolism is the network of reactions that release and capture energy. Bioenergetics describes how cells handle energy, often storing and transferring it through energy-carrier molecules. Carbohydrate metabolism breaks down sugars to release energy, with electron-carrying molecules such as NADH and NADPH shuttling electrons during these reactions and during energy transduction. Lipid metabolism and the processing of nitrogen-containing compounds round out the picture. Together these pathways let an organism extract energy from food, build the molecules it needs, and maintain the ordered chemistry of life.

Frequently asked questions

What are enzymes and what do they do?: Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts, greatly speeding up specific chemical reactions in the cell without being consumed themselves.
What is the relationship between DNA, RNA and protein?: DNA stores genetic information, which is transcribed into RNA, and RNA is translated into protein; DNA is also copied through replication when cells divide.
What is metabolism?: Metabolism is the full set of chemical reactions in an organism that release energy from nutrients and use it to build and maintain the molecules the cell needs.

Chemistry:
Acids and bases	Distillation	Inorganic chemistry
Atoms	Electrochemistry	Miscellaneous	Organic chemistry
Biochemistry	Food chemistry	Molecules	Spectroscopy
Crystals	General	Nomenclature	Stoichiometry

Biochemistry

related topics: Endocrine system

Basic biochemistry overview biochemistry, carbohydrates, lipids, amino acid structures, amino acids, proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, metabolism

Biochemistry water, amino acids & proteins, protein architecture, enzymes, carbohydrates, lipids, DNA and RNA, replication & transcription, translation of RNA, recombinant DNA, metabolism & bioenergetics, carbohydrate metabolism, HNADH and NADPH, energy transduction, lipid metabolism, nitrogenous metabolism

Biochemistry basic chemistry, metabolism, enzymes, energy & catalysis, large molecules, photosynthesis, pH & pKa, clinical correlates of pH, vitamins B12 and Folate, and regulation of carbohydrate metabolism, Chemistry of life

Biochemistry and enzymology

Biochemistry Online Biological macromolecule structure and function can be examined and understood by applying principles learned from the study of small molecules to macromolecules. The macromolecules we will discuss in class, (proteins, complex carbohydrates, and nucleic acids) can be understood using principles of organic, physical, analytical, and inorganic chemistry

Biological chemistry

Biotechnology a series of labeled diagrams with explanations representing the important processes of biotechnology, the nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, from atoms to molecules and cells to tissues, a study of structure and function, cells, eucaryotic cell duplication: how chromosomes and genes transmit the information from one mother cell to subsequent generations, DNA cloning to gene therapy, genetics: from Mendel to hemophilia: introduction to the major principles of heredity, viruses, cells

General organic and biochemistry principles of chemistry and fundamentals of inorganic and biochemistry. Structure and chemistry of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, biochemistry of enzymes, metabolism, body fluids and radiation effects

Interactive biochemistry, Interactive biochemistry

Interactive Concepts in Biochemistry Interactive Animations

NetBiochem topics medical biochemistry, metabolism, animated grazphics

Biochemistry topics

Acids, bases, and pH

Amino acids amino acids, contains 3-D models of amino acids

Amino acids amino acids, alanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, lycine, istidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, sparagine, proline, glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, tyrosine

Amino acids and proteins

Biochemistry of metabolism molecular biochemistry, cellular biochemistry, Biochemistry keyword search

Boric acid

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates carbohydrates are the main energy source for the human body. Chemically, carbohydrates are organic molecules

Carbohydrates part of Biochemical gallery

Catalysis and activation energy of a chemical reaction

Chemical composition of living cells pdf file

Chirality and odour perception chirality and odour perception

DNA, RNA, and Protein: Life at its simplest

Enzyme an enzyme is a biopolymer that catalyzes (i.e. speeds up) a chemical reaction

Enzymen in actie in Dutch

Enzyme nomenclature database

Enzymes what are Enzymes, how enzymes work

Enzymes enzymes are catalysts, most are proteins, ...

Enzymes enzymes, pdf file

Enzymes the virtual enzyme, enzymes are the tools of life. They do almost everything in a cell. Virtually every one of life’s chemical reactions is driven by some enzyme

Enzymes endergonic and exergonic reactions

Lipid Chemistry, Biology and Analysis Definitions, structures, composition, occurrence, biochemistry and functions of most types of fatty acids and lipids, Fatty acids and eicosanoids, Simple glycerolipids, sterols, lipoproteins, Complex glycerolipids - phospholipids and glycosyldiacylglycerols, Sphingolipids

Lipids ppt file

Lipids what are Lipids, how Lipids work

Lipids lipids or fats are characterized by their insolubility in water and solubility in organic solvents or detergents

Nucleic acids Introduction to Nucleic Acids, Nucleic Acid Structure and Nomenclature, Adenosine Derivatives, Guanosine Derivatives, Nucleotide Analogs, Polynucleotides, The Structure of DNA, Thermal Properties of the Double Helix, Analytical Tools for DNA Study

Nucleic acids

Nucleic acids Abbreviations and Symbols for Nucleic Acids, Polynucleotides and their Constituents

Protein structures amino acids, peptides, proteins, ..., proteins are polymers of a-amino acids

Protein structure tutorial some examples of the roles played by proteins in the body. You will learn that proteins are linear polymers of amino acids and they are joined by peptide bonds

Protein synthesis amino acids and the peptide bond protein synthesis, amino acids and the peptide bond

Protein Synthesis One-gene-one-protein, The structure of hemoglobin, Viruses contain DNA, RNA links the information in DNA to the sequence of amino acids in protein, Transcription: making an RNA copy of a DNA sequence, The Genetic Code, Protein Synthesis, Mutations redefined, Obe-gene-one-protein

Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis

Protein Synthesis

Protein Synthesis: DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis lecture Definition: relation between the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA and the amino acid sequence of the protein

Vitamin B-12

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